Resources from TSI
I want to introduce you to a different way to use a Resource Page. I have structured this section, to not only give you references that are easily accessible, but also to provide a mini-course in the development and practice of TSM Psychodrama and the Therapeutic Spiral Model. If you use the resources as they are offered, you will not only get a theoretical education in trauma work around the globe, but also learn about the Clinical Map of Internal Roles that were created in the Therapeutic Spiral Model from 1992-1995.
The theoretical foundations of TSM Psychodrama and the Therapeutic Spiral Model are given in order of development. TSM started from a personal love of classical psychodrama and training in gestalt therapy that, when intertwined with a PhD in Clinical Psychology resulted in the American Psychological Association’s Graduate Student Award for 1986 for my dissertation on Doubling. Today, TSM is supported by findings from the latest life-changing research in the neurobiology of trauma, attachment, and post-traumatic growth.
Together, theory, research, and practice of TSM Psychodrama show an innovative and effective way to use psychodrama clinically, without fear of re-traumatization or too much emotion when working with vulnerable people, such as those with PTSD. The Therapeutic Spiral Model provides the first ever clinical map of internal roles to guide you as you use psychodrama and other experiential methods with trauma to help to maintain safety and increase effectiveness.
- Hudgins, K. & Toscani, F. (2013). Healing world trauma with the therapeutic spiral model: Stories from the front-lines. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers
History of TSM Psychodrama and The Therapeutic Spiral Model
The Therapeutic Spiral Model (TSM) truly began in the “psychodrama basement” at St Elizabeth’s Hospital. I was at the end of my NIMH (National Institute for Mental Health) funded year long internship in psychodrama and group psychotherapy. It was 1981 and PTSD had not even made it into the DSM at that point. Yet one day on the psychodrama stage while I was directing, one of my peer interns, was triggered into a flashback and we were back in the jungles of Vietnam that was so real you could smell the gunpowder and burning flesh. As I directed that day, I saw the power of psychodrama to heal this one man when held in the container of the spontaneity and creativity of our like-minded group, which had been together for a year. It clearly sowed the seed of my life long endeavors to make classical psychodrama safe for everyone who has experienced trauma in their lives.
Ten years later, I had a Ph.D. in Clinical Psychologiy and was a newly certified Trainer, Educator, and Practitioner in Psychodrama, Sociometry and Group Psychotherapy. The Therapeutic Spiral Model developed through a small group of Board Certified psychodrama clinicians and trainers who met from 1992-1995 in Charlottesville, VA and Black Earth, WI. We were responding to a grassroots call for a clinically safe system of psychodrama for trauma treatment as PTSD became diagnosed in treatment settings and clinical psychodramatists faced increasingly vulnerable people seeking help.
This group of dedicated clinicians co-created the first clinical map of the internal roles of people who had experienced trauma, and prescribed the roles needed for living a life of spontaneity and creativity. Since then, many of our clinical action interventions have been researched and found to significantly decrease anxiety, depression, and symptoms of PTSD. TSM Psychodrama has been taught in 35 countries as of this writing, and has found cultural adaptations easy and natural because it is experiential therapy. Action does speak louder than words.
Today, noted neuroscientists call for safe experiential therapies as a treatment of choice for a variety of mental health difficulties, and specifically for PTSD. Due to the brain changes that are now documented from developmental trauma, acute violence, addiction, or long term global disruption, action methods are now seen as the best hope for post traumatic growth. They can focus on increasing resilience, self-regulation, and repair of attachment wounds in the here and now through real interpersonal interaction. A far cry from talk therapy!
- Cozolino, L. J. (2016). Why therapy works: Using our minds to change our brains. New York: W. W. Norton.
- Hudgins, M.K. (2002). Experiential treatment of PTSD: The therapeutic spiral model. New York: Springer Publishing Co.
- Hudgins, K. & Toscani, F. (2013). Healing world trauma with the therapeutic spiral model: Stories from the front-lines. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers
- Van der Kolk, B. A. (2014). The body keeps the score: Brain, mind, and body in the healing of trauma. New York NY: Viking.
- American Board of Examiners in Psychodrama, Sociometry, and Group Psychotherapy approved training programs: Training program resource. (n.d.). Retrieved August 25, 2016
Hundreds of physicians, psychologists, social workers and other clinicians; anthropologists, educators, social activists, practitioners, performers, artists, and community workers have learned the Clinical Map of the Internal Roles of the Trauma Survivor around the world. Together with the many protagonists and groups who came seeking relief from Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, dissociative and addictive disorders, depression and anxiety, we co-created the Therapeutic Spiral Model and TSM Psychodrama to treat PTSD in the global community.
TSM is an innovative and inspirational method of experiential change used in leadership building, resilience training, prevention, education, community work, business, and beyond.
Most of the listed resources are required reading for leaders in training in our International Certification Training Program in Trauma Therapy using the Therapeutic Spiral Model. See more information on the International Certification Training Program at Therapeutic Spiral International http://www.drkatehudgins.com/therapeutic_spiral_institute/workshops_for_certification
Dr Kate’s Publications
The Therapeutic Spiral Model was developed between 1992-1995 from a grassroots call for more clinical safety in working with increasing numbers of traumatized people using classical psychodrama. It was originally developed in clinical settings working with people who were diagnosed with Complex PTSD, Dissociative Identify Disorder, Borderline and other Personality Disorders. Often people, who like the first patients in psychodrama, found themselves on the margins of traditional cognitive behavioral treatment and it’s failure to cure these mental health problems.
- PTSD ((5. PTSD: National Center for PTSD Comparison of the ICD-10 PTSD Diagnosis With the DSM-IV Criteria -. (n.d.). Retrieved September 02, 2016, from
As you can see in the wide range of publications from Dr Kate and other TSI Trainers and colleagues, TSM has been shown to be effective with a wide range of psychological disorders, including PTSD and addiction. The Clinical Map of Internal Roles has also been used in a wide range of clinical and non-conical settings as is shown in Hudgins & Toscani (2013).
- Hudgins, M.K. (1998) “Experiential pyschodrama with sexual trauma.” In L.S. Greenberg, J.C.
- Watson, and G. Lietaer (eds) Handbook of Experiential psychotherapy. (pp. 328-348) New York, NY: Guildford Press.
- Hudgins, M.K. (2000). The therapeutic spiral model to treat PTSD in action. In P.F. Kellermann and M.K. Hudgins (eds.). Psychodrama with trauma survivors: Acting out your pain. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. 229-254.
- Hudgins, M.K. (2002). Experiential treatment of PTSD: The therapeutic spiral model. New York: Springer Publishing Co.
- Hudgins, M.K. (2007a). Building a container with the creative arts: the therapeutic spiral model to heal post-traumatic stress in the global community. In S. Brooke(Ed). The use of creative therapies with sexual abuse survivors. (pp. 280-300) Springfield, IL: Charles C.Thomas publications.
- Hudgins, M.K. (2007b). Clinical foundations of the therapeutic spiral mode: Theoretical orientations and principles of change. In C. Baim, J. Burmeister & M. Maciel (Eds.) Psychodrama: Advances in theory and practice. (pp. 175-188) London: Routledge.
- Hudgins, M.K. (2008). Nourishing the young therapist: Action supervision with eating disordered clients using the therapeutic spiral model. In S.L. Brooke, (ed.)., The creative therapies with eating disorders. (254-262). Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publishers.
- Hudgins, K. (2013). Therapeutic spiral international: International certification training standards.
- Hudgins, K. (2015). Spiral healing: A thread of energy and connection across cultures. In S.L. Brooke & C.E. Myers (eds). Therapists creating a cultural tapestry: Using the creative therapies across cultures. (260-281). Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas Publishers, LTD.
- Hudgins, K. (2017, In Press, a) PTSD Unites the World: Prevention, Intervention, and Training with the Therapeutic Spiral Model. InE. Stout and G. Want (EDs). Why Global Health Matters: Guidebook for Innovation and Inspiration. Hudgins, K. (2017 In Press, b) Telemedicine in action: TSM online. In. S.L. Brooke (ed). The creative therapies and telehealth. Springfield, IL: Charltes C. Thomas Publishers, LTD.
- Hudgins, K. (2019In Press, c) The simple clinical map of internal roles in the Therapeutic Spiral Model. The Neuropsychotherapist..
- The International Journal of Neuropsychotherapy
- Hudgins, M.K. and Ciotola, L. (2003). The body double: An experiential intervention for eating disorders. IADEP Connections Newsletter. August.
- Hudgins, M.K. & Drucker, K. (1998). The containing double as part of the therapeutic spiral model for treating trauma survivors. The International Journal of Action Methods, 51, 2, 63-74.
- Kellermann, P. F., & Hudgins, M. K. (2001). Psychodrama with trauma survivors: acting out your pain. London: Jessica Kingsley.
- Hudgins, M.K., and Kiesler, D.J. (1987). Individual experiential psychotherapy: An initial validation study of the intervention module of psychodramatic doubling. Psychotherapy, 24, 245-255.
- Hudgins, M.K. & Preston, J.C. (1981). Psychodramatic expansion of the Johari window. Journal of Group Psychotherapy, Psychodrama, and Sociometry
- Hudgins, K. & Toscani, F. (2013). Healing world trauma with the therapeutic spiral model: Stories from the front-lines. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers
- Hudgins, K. & Toscani, F. (2014). Containment = Safety with action methods. The Journal of Psychodrama, Sociometry and Group Psychotherapy, 62, (1), 105-110.
- Hudgins, M.K., Culbertson, R. and Hug, E. (2009). Action against trauma: A trainer’s manual for community leaders following traumatic stress. Charlottesville, VA:
- University of Virginia, Foundation for the Humanities, Institute on Violence and Culture. Accessed 5/20/12.
- Hudgins, M.K., Drucker, K., & Metcalf, K. (2000). The containing double: A clinically effective psychodrama intervention for PTSD. The British Journal of Psychodrama and Sociodrama, 15, 1, 58-77.
- Hudgins, M. K., Cho, W. C., Lai, N. W., Ou, G. T. (2005) The therapeutic spiral in Taiwan 2000-2005. Paper presented at the Pacific Rim Conference for the International Association of Group Psychotherapy, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Toscani M.F. & Hudgins, M.K. (1993). The containing double. Workshop Handout. Madison, WI: The Center for Experiential Learning.
- Toscani & Hudgins, (1995), The trauma survivor’s intrapsychic role atom. Workshop Handout. Madison, WI: The Center for Experiential Learning.
Classical Psychodrama Foundations
Spontaneity and Creativity is What We All Need
While the Therapeutic Spiral Model was firmly defined by 1995 through clinical practice, the last 20 years of research on the neuroscience of the brain has expanded exponentially. Neuroscience proves what classical psychodrama and TSM Psychodrama have long known through experience. The brain actually changes when people participate in new behaviors in experiential psychotherapy, rather than simply discussing them in talk therapy.
The main legacy from classical psychodrama that drives TSM is that a state of spontaneity and the production of creative action solutions is the goal of all psychological change!
J.L. Moreno’s 1953 book Who Shall Survive? begins with the bold statement that “only the spontaneous will survive.” There can be no better answer to the ills of today’s world that create cycles of never-ending violence and trauma than learning how to live as spontaneous and creative beings of life. Meet Zerka T. Moreno, the co-founder of psychodrama, as she filmed her final thoughts in the last decade of her life here.
To look at the history and development of psychodrama, you can see that the core theory has been that we are spontaneous and creative human beings. In terms of trauma work, that translates into building resilience in order to go to the depths of psychological and possibly neurobiological healing. Long before PTSD was a diagnosis, the Moreno’s (J.L. and Zerka) and others worked with vulnerable populations, often people that other psychiatrists and psychologists of the day had given up hope on. It has been my personal gift to work with many of these original trainers directly and to have them influence TSM Psychodrama, especially in my 25 year relationship with Zerka T. Moreno.
- Blatner, A. (2000). Foundations of psychodrama: History, theory, and practice. New York: Springer Pub. Co.
- Baim, C., Burmeister, J. & Maciel, M. (2007). Psychodrama Advances in Theory and Practice. London: Routledge
- Corey, G. (2008). Chapter 8: Psychodrama in groups. In Corey, G., Theory and practice of group counseling (7Ed) (pp. 185-215). Belmont, CA: Thomson-Brooks/Cole.
- Dayton, T. (2005). The living stage: A step-by-step guide to psychodrama, sociometry, and experiential group therapy. Deerfield Beach, FL: Health Communications, Inc.
- Kellerman, P.F. (1992). Focus on psychodrama: The therapeutic aspects of psychodrama. Philadelphia, PA: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
- Moreno, J.L. & Moreno, Z.T. (1969(1975?)). Psychodrama. Vol. 3: New York, Beacon Publishing.
- Moreno, J. L. (1953). Who shall survive? Foundations of sociometry, group psychotherapy and sociodrama. Beacon, NY: Beacon House.
- Moreno, Z. T., (2013). A life in psychodrama In K. Hudgins, & F. Toscani, F.M. (eds.O). Healing world trauma with the therapeutic spiral model (pp.33-48). London: Jessica Kingsley.
- Moreno, Zerka T., Leif Dag. Blomkvist, and Thomas Rützel. Psychodrama, Surplus Reality and the Art of Healing. London: Routledge, 2000. Print.
- Moreno, Zerka T., and Edward Schreiber. To Dream Again: A Memoir. New York: Mental Health Resources, 2012. Print.
- Moreno, J.L. and Moreno, Z.T. (1969). Foundations of psychodrama. (Volume 1I). Beacon, NY: Beacon House Press.
- Moreno, J.L. & Moreno, Z.T. (1975). Psychodrama. Vol. 3: New York, Beacon Publishing.
- Moreno, Z. T., Horvatin, T., & Schreiber, E. (2006). The quintessential Zerka: Writings by Zerka Toeman Moreno on psychodrama, sociometry and group psychotherapy. London: Routledge.
- An Interview with Adam Blatner: Drama in the Service of Education 404 NOT FOUND
Psychodrama Bibliographies
- Bibliography of books and journal articles by Kate Hudgins, Ph.D., TEP
- Jacob L. Moreno Bibliography and Papers
- Archive collection (books) from the American Society of Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama
- Archive collection (journals) from the American Society of Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama
- Psychodrama Bibliography
- Stadler, C., Wieser, M., & Kirk, K. (Eds.). (2016). Psychodrama. Empirical Research and Science 2. Psychodrama.
- Wieser, M., Teszáry, J., Takis, N. & Adderley, D. (Guest eds.). (2017). A Special Issue on Psychodrama Psychotherapy. International Journal of Psychotherapy 21(2).
As you can see, there is a wealth of history, theory, research, and practice about classical psychodrama from the early 1900’s to the present. It is the seminal action method of experiential change.
TSM psychodrama adds the Clinical Map of Internal Roles for people who have experienced trauma to guide the development of spontaneity and creativity, as well as to treat trauma at its deepest levels. TSM developed the Prescriptive Roles to establish a sense of internal safety, resilience, and containment. The Containing Double or the Self-supporting Voice, has been researched and shown to work across cultures, populations, and settings. In turn, this allows people to directly address the TSM Trauma Triangle with it’s unique internal role of the Abandoning Authority, in addition to the roles of Victim and Perpetrator safely and effectively.
- Hudgins, M.K., Culbertson, R. and Hug, E. (2009). Action against trauma: A trainer’s manual for community leaders following traumatic stress. Charlottesville, VA:
- University of Virginia, Foundation for the Humanities, Institute on Violence and Culture. www.lulu.com/action-against-trauma-a-trainers-manual/6009176. Accessed 5/20/12.
- Hudgins, M.K., Drucker, K., & Metcalf, K. (2000). The containing double: A clinically effective psychodrama intervention for PTSD. The British Journal of Psychodrama and Sociodrama, 15, 1, 58-77. – REPEATED BELOW
- 6 Safety Action Structures
- 6 Safety Structures Updated from San Francisco Workshop with Sylvia Israel, TDY, LMFT, TEP
- The Containing Double
- Updated Containing Double
- The Containing Double: A clinically effective psychodrama intervention for PTSD
- The Body Dialogue
- Bringing the TSM Triangle into Action
- Working Through Trauma with TSM
_______________________________________________________________________
Scientific Support for TSM from Interpersonal Neurobiology
While TSM developed through the co-creation of many certified psychodrama trainers, clinicians, and protagonists from 1992-1995, a 1996 brain imaging MRI study on the neurobiology of trauma showed that talk therapy was not adequate to reach the changes in they were seeing in the right brain. Since then, exponential leaps in interpersonal neurobiology show increasing scientific support for experiential methods as the treatment of choice when working with traumatized people. Here are a number of resources that the Therapeutic Spiral Model and TSM Psychodrama have drawn on over the years to support it’s clinical findings that led to the development of the Clinical Map of Internal Roles.
- Badenock, B. (2008). Being a brain-wise therapist: a practice guide to interpersonal neurobiology. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company.
- Baim, C. and Morrison, T. (2011). Attachment-based Practice with Adults: Understanding strategies and promoting positive change. Brighton, UK: Pavilion Publishers.
- Cozolino, L. J. (2002). The neuroscience of psychotherapy: Building and rebuilding the human brain. New York: Norton
- Corzolino, L. (2014). The neuroscience of human relationships, (2nd Ed). New York: Norton & Company
- Cozolino, L. J. (2016). Why therapy works: Using our minds to change our brains. New York: W. W. Norton.
- Hanson, R., (2013). Hardwiring happiness: The new brain science of contentment, calm, and confidence. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications.
- Keltner, D., & Ekman, P. (2015). The science of ‘inside out’. Retrieved August 23, 2016
- Levine, P.A. (2015). Trauma and memory: Brain and body in search for a living past: A practical guide for understanding and working with traumatic memory. Berkley, CA: North Atlantic Books.
- Porges, S.W. (2011). The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, self-regulation. New York: NY: W.W. Norton & Company
- Rausch, S.L., van der Kolk,B., Fishler, R.E., Alpert, N.M. et al. (1996). A symptom provocation study of post-traumatic stress disorder using positron emission tomography and script- driven imagery. Archives of General Psychiatry 53,5, 380-387
- Siegel, D. (1999). The developing mind: Toward a neurobiology of interpersonal experience. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
- Siegel, D. (2007). The mindful brain: Reflection and attunement in the cultivation of well-being. New York, NY: W.W. Norton and Company.
- Siegel, D. (2010). The mindful therapist: A clinician’s guide to midnight and neural integration. New York: NY: W.W. Norton.
- Siegel, D. (2012). Developing mind: How relationships and the brain interact to shape who we are. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
- Van der Kolk, B. (2006). Clinical implications of neuroscience in PTSD. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,1071(1), 277-293,
- Van der Kolk, B. A. (2014). The body keeps the score: Brain, mind, and body in the healing of trauma. New York,NY: Viking.
While research connecting the seminal action method of experiential psychotherapy, classical psychodrama, and its adaptation such as TSM Psychodrama, is still needed, the TSM Clinical Map has operationalized it’s 15 internal core roles for training and research. The Containing Double has been shown to decrease anxiety, depression, and symptoms of PTSD in as little as three individual therapy settings, and has been written about in many countries.
TSI International Certification in Trauma Therapy Using the Therapeutic Spiral Model
Please see our TSI International Certification Program in Trauma Therapy using the Therapeutic Spiral Model to see how we have incorporated the basic concepts of interpersonal neurobiology and attachment theory into our work as certified psychodrama trainers and practitioners. Our certification is 8 weekends long with supervised practice and opportunities to be on Action Healing Teams. Come join us to learn the Body Double and the Brain in Action when we teach our own course on the Neurobiology of Trauma. Learn how to walk the TSM Trauma Triangle and find the spontaneity and creativity to build your own Appropriate Authority to walk off of it with ease. Most of all, find your Sleeping-awakening Child and begin to live life fully!
Publications by TSI trained Action Healing Team Members
Since TSI started certifying people in the Therapeutic Spiral Model in 2000, we have trained physicians, psychologists, social workers, therapists, addiction counselors, educators, social activists, performers, expressive arts therapists and others who use experiential method of change into today’s world. Many of them have written professional articles on their use of TSM in their own countries. Please see this for a partial list of people who have been certified in TSM as Trainers, Team Leaders, Assistant Leaders, and Trained Auxiliary Egos.
- Alers V.M. 2008 “The 20th Vona du Toit Memorial lecture 2007. Proposing the social atom of occupational therapy:Dealing with trauma as part of an integrated inclusive intervention.” South African Journal of Occupational Therapy, 38, 3, (3 – 10).
- Alers, V.M. (2013). The therapeutic spiral model perspective from South Africa—The rainbow nation. In K. Hudgins & F. Toscani (Eds.), Healing world trauma with the therapeutic spiral model.[1] London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
- Alers, V. & Crouch, R. (2014). Trauma and its effects on children, adolescents and adults. Occupational Therapy in Psychiatry and Mental Health, 337-355. doi:10.1002/9781118913536.ch21
- Alexander, N. & Ciotola, L. (2014) Teamwork and Trauma Recovery. The Journal of Psychodrama, Sociometry, and Group Psychotherapy Vol. 62, Number 1, Spring 2014 pp 91- 104. Princeton, NJ: American Society of Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama.
- Baim, C. (2013). Footsteps on the moon: Using therapeutic spiral model concepts with offenders who have unresolved trauma. In K. Hudgins, & F. Toscani, Healing world trauma with the therapeutic spiral model
- Blatner, A. (2013a). Forward: Therapeutic spiral model as a type of psychotherapeutic “heart surgery” In K. Hudgins, & F. Toscani, Healing world trauma with the therapeutic spiral model (pp.9-14). London: Jessica Kingsley.
- Burden, K. and Ciotola, L. (2002). The body double: An advanced clinical action intervention module in the therapeutic spiral model to treat trauma.
- Carnabucci, K., & Ciotola, L. (2013.). Healing eating disorders with psychodrama and other action methods: Beyond the silence and the fury. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
- Carnabucci, K., & Fullin, K., (2013). Two programs: The therapeutic spiral model in domestic violence Work with perpetrators and survivors. In K. Hudgins, & F. Toscani, Healing world trauma with the therapeutic spiral model (317-332). London: Jessica Kingsley.
Ciotola L. (2006). The Body Dialogue. Journal of Group Psychotherapy, Psychodrama & Socioemetry Vol. 59, Number 1, Spring, 2006. pp 35-38. Washington, DC: Heldref Publications - Chimera, C. (2002) ‘The Yellow Brick Road’ In A. Bannister & A. Huntington, A. (Eds). Communicating with children and adolescents: Action for change (175-190). London: Jessica Kingsley.
- Chimera, C., (2013). Seeing the wizard: The therapeutic spiral model to work with traumatised families. In K. Hudgins, & F. Toscani, Healing world trauma with the therapeutic spiral model, (317-332). London: Jessica Kingsley.
- Cossa, M. (2002) “Drago-Drama, Archetypal sociodrama with adolescents’ In A. Bannister, & A. Huntington, Eds.)Communicating with children and adolescents: Action for change (139-152). London: Jessica Kingsley.
- Cox, M. (2013). Learning to remember: Applications of the therapeutic spiral model with addictions In K.Hudgins & F. Toscani, (Eds.). Healing world trauma with the therapeutic spiral model (pp. 225-237). London: Jessica Kingsley.
- Cox, M. (2001). Therapeutic spiral international – The six safety structures.
Drucker, K. (2013). Psychodrama and the therapeutic spiral model in individual therapy In K.Hudgins & F. Toscani, (Eds.). Healing world trauma with the therapeutic spiral model (pp. 225-237). London: Jessica Kingsley. - Greenberg, L. S. (2013). Anchoring the therapeutic spiral model into research on experiential psychotherapies.In K. Hudgins & F. Toscani (Eds.), Healing world trauma with the therapeutic spiral model. (pp. 132-148) London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
- Hug, E. (2013). A Neuroscience perspective on trauma and action methods In K. Hudgins, & F. Toscani (Eds). Healing world trauma with the therapeutic spiral model (pp. 111-131). London: Jessica Kingsley.
- Lai, N.W., (2013). A workshop using the therapeutic spiral model and art therapy with mothers and children affected by domestic abuse in Taiwan In K. Hudgins, & F. Toscani, Healing world trauma with the therapeutic spiral model, (241-265). London: Jessica Kingsley.
- McVea, C. (2013). The therapeutic alliance between protagonist and auxiliary. In K. Hudgins & F. Toscani (Eds.), Healing world trauma with the therapeutic spiral model. (pp. 168-182) London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
- McVea, C. and Gow, K. (2006). Healing a mother’s emotional pain: Recall of a therapeutic spiral model session. Journal of Psychodrama, Group Psychotherapy and Sociometry, 59, 1, 3-2
- McVea, C., Gow, K., and Lowe, R. (2011). Corrective interpersonal experience in psychodrama group psychotherapy: A comprehensive process analysis of significant therapeutic events. Psychotherapy Research, 21, 4, 416-429.
- Perry, R., Saby, K., Wenos, J., Hudgins, K. and Baller, S. (2016) Psychodrama Intervention for Female Service Members Using the Therapeutic Spiral Model. The Journal of Psychodrama, Sociometry and Group Psychotherapy. Vol 64 (1), 11-23.
- Rivers, B. (2015). Mobilizing aesthetics in psychodramatic group work. Drama Therapy Review, 1, 2, (161–171).
- Salole, R., Forst, M., Goodwin, R., (2013). The application of the therapeutic spiral model in the Men and Healing Programs, In K. Hudgins & F. Toscani, (eds.)., Healing world trauma with the therapeutic spiral model (pp.303-316). London: Jessica Kingsley.
American Society of Group Psychotherapy & Psychodrama
***http://www.gestalttherapy.org/certification/ –
Certification. (n.d.). Retrieved May 29, 2017, from http://www.gestalttherapy.org/certification/
Perls, F.S., Hefferline, R.F., and Goodman, P. (1951). Gestalt therapy. New York, NY: Julian Press. https://www.amazon.com/Gestalt-Therapy-Excitement-Growth-Personality/dp/0939266245
International Association for Group Psychotherapy and Group Processes
Arman Volkas/Living Arts Center
Bay Area Moreno Institute/ BAMI
Incorporating Principles of the Therapeutic Spiral when an Action Trauma Team is not available (1995)Working Alone with TSM
Psychodrama and Eating Disorders
Additional Resources
Altman, K. P. (2000). Psychodramatic treatment of Dissociative Identity Disorder. In P. F Kellerman, & M.K. Hudgins (Eds.), Psychodrama with trauma survivors: Acting out your pain. (pp. 176-186). Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley https://www.amazon.com/Psychodrama-Trauma-Survivors-Acting-Therapies/dp/1853028932
Dayton, T. (2016). Neuropsychodrama in the treatment of relational trauma:
Relational trauma repair—An experiential model for treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder1. The Journal of Psychodrama, Sociometry, and Group Psychotherapy, 64(1), 41-50. doi:10.12926/0731-273-64.1.41 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303599639_Neuropsychodrama_in_the_Treatment_of_Relational_Trauma_Relational_Trauma_Repair-An_Experiential_Model_for_Treating_Posttraumatic_Stress_Disorder_1
Elliott, R., Greenberg, L., and Lietaer, G. (2002). Research on experiential psychotherapy. In M. Lambert, A. Bergin, and S. Garfield (5th Ed.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior Change (493-540). New York, NY: Wiley. https://pure.strath.ac.uk/portal/files/7404333/ElliottHand_Pre_2004.pd
Elliott, R., Watson, J., Greenberg, L.S., Timulak, L., & Freire, E. (2013). Research on humanistic-experiential psychotherapies. In M. Lambert, A. Bergin, and S. Garfield (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior Change. (6th Ed). (pp. 495-538). New York, NY: Wiley.. New York: Wiley. ©Wiley. https://pure.strath.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/research-on-humanisticexperiential-psychotherapies(afa5c6ed-bf18-4d17-a3e0-3965742053ab)/export.html
Greenberg, L. S., Watson, J. C., & Lietaer, G. (1998). Handbook of experiential psychotherapy. New York: Guilford Press.https://www.guilford.com/books/Handbook-of-Experiential-Psychotherapy/Greenberg-Watson-Lietaer/9781572303744/contents
Leutz, G. A. (2000). Appearance and treatment of dissociative states of consciousness in psychodrama. In P. F. Kellerman, & M. K. Hudgins (Eds.), Psychodrama with trauma survivors: Acting out your pain. (pp. 187-197). Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley. https://www.amazon.com/Psychodrama-Trauma-Survivors-Acting-Therapies/dp/1853028932
Perls, F.S., Hefferline, R.F., and Goodman, P. (1951). Gestalt therapy. New York, NY: Julian Press. https://www.amazon.com/Gestalt-Therapy-Excitement-Growth-Personality/dp/0939266245
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An Interview with Adam Blatner: Drama in the Service of Education
Psychodrama Preparation used in clinical teaching methods for Social Work
Adam Blatner, MD, TEP, Plenary Speech, American Society Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama
Adam Blatner, MD, TEP, San Francisco Bay Area on the rationale of the use of Morenian methods
Understanding the Effects of Social Environment on Trauma Victims. Announcing the upcoming tenth edition of Kaplan and Sadock’s Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, edited by Benjamin J. Sadock, Virginia A. Sadock, and Pedro Ruiz, scheduled for publication in early 2017.
Why is Psychodrama Powerful by Edward J Schreiber
What is Psychodrama? By Marcia Karp
William Wysong’s Psychodrama Companion Blog
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Alexander, N. & Ciotola, L. (2014). Teamwork and Trauma Recovery. The Journal of Psychodrama, Sociometry, and Group Psychotherapy Vol. 62, Number 1, Spring 2014 pp 91-104. Princeton, NJ: American Society of Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama.
Carnabucci, K., & Ciotola, L. (2013). Healing eating disorders with psychodrama and other action methods: Beyond the silence and the fury. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Ciotola, L. (2016). The Sleeping/Awakening Child. The Journal of Psychodrama, Sociometry, and Group Psychotherapy. Spring 2016, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 83-83.